expr(1)
NAME
expr, test, [ - evaluate expressions
SYNOPSIS
expr expression
test expression
[ expression ]
DESCRIPTION
Expr evaluates the expression and prints the result. Test evaluates the
expression without printing the result. The ``['' command is a synonym
for test; when invoked under this name the last argument to expr must be
a ``]'', which is deleted and not considered part of the expression.
Three data types may occur in the expression: string, integer, and
boolean. The rules for conversion are as follows:
string->integer Done via atoi(3).
integer->string Convert to decimal representation.
string->boolean "" -> false, everything else to true.
boolean->string false -> "", true -> "true".
integer->boolean 0 -> false, everything else to true.
boolean->integer false -> 0, true -> 1.
Any argument to expr which is not a legal operator is treated as a string
operand of type string.
As a special case, if expression is omitted, the result is false.
We now list the operators. The syntax
integer op integer -> boolean (3)
means that op is a binary operator which takes operands of type integer
and produces a result of type boolean. The ``(3)'' means that the
priority of op is 3. Operands are automatically converted to the
appropriate type. The type any is used for operator that take operands
of any type.
any -o any -> any (1)
Returns the value of the left hand operand if the left hand operand
would yield true if converted to type boolean, and the value of the
right hand operand otherwise. The right hand operand is evaluated
only if necessary. ``|'' is a synonym for ``-o''.
any -a any -> any (2)
Returns the value of the left hand operand if the left hand operand
would yield false if converted to type boolean, and the value of
the right hand operand otherwise. The right hand operand is
evaluated only if necessary. ``&'' is a synonym for ``-a''.
! boolean -> boolean (3)
Returns true if the operand is false, and false if the operand is
true.
string = string -> boolean (4)
True if the two strings are equal.
string != string -> boolean (4)
True if the two strings are not equal.
integer -eq integer -> boolean (4)
True if the two operands are equal.
integer -ne integer -> boolean (4)
True if the two operands are not equal.
integer -gt integer -> boolean (4)
True if the first operand is greater than the second one.
integer -lt integer -> boolean (4)
True if the first operand is less than the second one.
integer -ge integer -> boolean (4)
True if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second
one.
integer -le integer -> boolean (4)
True if the first operand is less than or equal to the second one.
integer + integer -> integer (5)
Add two integers.
integer - integer -> integer (5)
Subtract two integers.
integer * integer -> integer (6)
Multiply two integers. ``*'' is special to the shell, so you
generally have to write this operator as ``\*''.
integer / integer -> integer (6)
Divide two integers.
integer % integer -> integer (6)
Returns the remainder when the first operand is divided by the
second one.
string : string -> integer or string (7)
The second operand is interpreted as a regular expression (as in
the System V ed program). This operator attempts to match part (or
all) of the first operand with the regular expression. The match
must start at the beginning of the first operand. If the regular
expression contains \( \) pairs, then the result of this operator
is the string which is matched by the regular expression between
these pairs, or the null string if no match occurred. Otherwise,
the result is the number of characters matched by the regular
expression, or zero if no no match occurred.
-n string -> integer (8)
Returns the number of characters in the string.
-z string -> boolean (8)
Returns true if the string contains zero characters.
-t integer -> boolean (8)
Returns true if the specified file descriptor is associated with a
tty.
The remaining operators all deal with files. Except as noted, they
return false if the specified file does not exist. The ones dealing with
permission use the effective user and group ids of the shell.
-r string -> boolean (8)
True if you have read permission on the file.
-w string -> boolean (8)
True if you have write permission on the file.
-x string -> boolean (8)
True if you have execute permission on the file.
-f string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a regular file.
-d string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a directory.
-c string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a character special file.
-b string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a block special file.
-p string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a named pipe (i.e. a fifo).
-u string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is setuid.
-g string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is setgid.
-k string -> boolean (8)
True if the file has the sticky bit set.
-s string -> integer or boolean (8)
Returns the size of the file, or 0 if the file does not exist.
-h string -> boolean (8)
True if the file is a symlink. This is the only file test operator
that does not follow symlinks, all others do. So ``-d'' and ``-h''
are both true on a symlink pointing to a directory. ``-L'' is a
synonym for ``-h''.
EXIT CODE
0 if the result of expression would be true if the result were converted
to boolean.
1 if the result of expression would be false if the result were converted
to boolean.
2 if expression is syntactically incorrect.
EXAMPLES
filesize=`expr -s file`
Sets the shell variable filesize to the size of file.
if [ -s file ]; then command; fi
Execute command if file exists and is not empty.
x=`expr "$x" : '.\{4\}\(.\{0,3\}\)'`
Sets x to the substring of x beginning after the fourth character
of x and continuing for three characters or until the end of the
string, whichever comes first.
x=`expr X"$x" : X'.\{4\}\(.\{0,3\}\)'`
This example is the same as the previous one, but it uses a leading
``X'' to make things work when the value of x looks like an
operator.
BUGS
The relational operators of the System V expr command are not
implemented.
Certain features of this version of expr are not present in System V, so
care should be used when writing portable code.
COPYRIGHT
Kenneth Almquist.